Tata Motors

Tata Motors Introduction Tata motors are the India’s largest automobile company with 14 million $. Established in 1945 it rolled out of India in 1954. Tata motors, the first company from Indian engineering sector to be listed in New York stock exchange, which emerged as international automobile industry. Tata has its operations in all continents. Tata increased its global network by acquiring Jaguar cars and Land Rover from Ford cars. In recent years, Tata as lost its prestige due to some wrong strategic planning and also has been in controversies for wrong reasons. The most famous was the Bengal scandal faced by Tata where it had to move out its half built plant to Gujarat. Which cost them capital, time and mostly importantly its brand name? The main focus of my dissertation will be to study Tata motors Strategies and understand why it is not doing good in developed economies. Objectives The core objective of my study is to understand the challenges faced by Indian car companies in Developed countries. Although Tata has been successful to acquire Jaguar and land rover these companies are also not performing up to expectations. My study will help understand this company what is stopping them from being successful. My dissertation will be only focused on passenger cars. Objectives Study the Strategy adopted by Tata Understand the problems in strategies Understanding the marketing mix adopted by Tata To study the competitor and their strategies adopted in U.K. The major questions to be answered in my dissertation are:- Q1) What are the problems faced by Indian automobile industry abroad? Q2) What strategies are adopted by Tata in United Kingdom? Q3) Why has the import penetration strategy of Tata failed? Q4) Why has Tata failed to function in significant market? Preliminary literature review â€Å"The European Automobile Industry† by Andrew M Mclaughlin and Willlam A Malony has discussed about strategies and policy failure of UK government and the problems in Ministry with diverse range of actors with differing views on future direction. In chapter 3 they have explained the procedure adopted by Land Rover to Privatises. The car market M J H mogridge analysis the statistics and dynamics of supply and demand. This research provides all the statistical data like supply model car ownership forecasting model. This will help me understand the future structure that Tata will adopt and will it be useful in the Market. The book CAR by Mary Walton in chapter 11 she has talked about the supply- side economics and production of automobile which affects the cost of production and supply chain model of an company. Japanese’s in UK [The Japanese] are welcome here in Britain has made no secret of welcome inward investment. We view it not as threat but as an opportunity both for investor and as the host UK. (John Major anglo-japanese journal 1990 4{3}:10) The future of automobile (the report by MIT’s international automobile program by Alan Alshuler, Martin Anderson, Daniel Jones, Danniel roos, James Womack. The report is about Japanese car structure and technological advancement and priorities of UK which have shifted dramatically towards intervention. The pressure of the world oil reserves and production which adds pressure to change in fuel and green gas emissions. The technological shift and opportunities to adapt the automobile to change the process of RD. The book â€Å"Cars, Carriers of regionalism† By Jorge Carrillo, Yannick Lung and Rob van Tulder† will provide me information for the role of WTO and its trade disputes in 1995-2001. The import penetration and export penetration ratios for motor vehicles. Rules of origin in free trade agreements. The automobile production in Europe. Passenger car sales in India 1981-2001 and economies in south Asia. The book â€Å"globalization or regionalization of the American and Asian car industry? By Michel Freyssenet, Koichi Shimizu and Giuseppe Volpato†. Changes in the level of concentration of the world automobile industry 1985-2006. The changing shift of power from western country to Asian markets. The failure of American car companies. â€Å"The Indian Automobile Industry: Statistical Profile 2005-2006† by society of â€Å"Indian automobile manufacture† this book will provide me the main data needed and also the statics will be provided to me. Data like the sales rise in Indian market and also the role of IMF and WTO in promoting automobile industry in India. â€Å"The British car industry: our part in its downfall by James Ruppert† will give information like the real situation about British car industry and how it is dealing with the current situation of credit crunch. The European companies talking over British companies. The evolution of the British automobile industries. Annual production of land rover and British car manufacture. Annual change in domestic sales. Market failure of transforming British Leyland into land rover. Information available on internet. The official website for automobiles in UK has all the needed information like (manufacturing industry) turnover, Employees, Companies, capital expenditure, stock turns, trade balance. (Vehicles registration) UK cars sold 2002-2008, used cars sold in 2002-2008. According to British chamber of commerce the recovery of UK’s economy will be depended on automobile industry. There are some case studies available about jaguar and land rover on www.supplychainmanagement.com Methodology My study will be focused on both Quantitative and qualitative techniques of data interpretation. My mostly data sets will be economic, WTO agreements and data collected from interviews. Economic Data sets: This data will be collected through books IMF’s reports, research, Journal, Organisations, Interviews. This data includes the laws and also policies which affect Tata. The stat table of annual sale of each automobile company. According to Hired Michael Eisner – 1984 there are two types of analysis for strategies management process internal and external. Internal include analysis like human recourse, manufacturing ability and technology; whereas external include factors like interest rate, demographic, socio cultural trend. Analysis like SWOT, PESTEL and Michel portal’s five forces will also help me understand better the strategies adopted by Tata and the reason for failing in UK were others have succeeded. Although it is quite clear that financial crisis has hit every automobile company in this world. Interview: This is one of the very important and most useful techniques to be used to find out Tata’s strategies for Jaguar and Land Rover in U.K. This interview can be done via E-mails or any other electronic source. Data like structure of the company and official figures can release by this method. It is also possible to understand their future goals and new releases via this method if allowed. Co-relations: the data collected will be processed in SPSs software and the co relation will be obtained which will help in understand the different strategies and there rate of success for both Japanese as well as Tata. The main motto for using this technique is to understand and collect the data available and analysis for this software’s like SPSS and Excel will be used and also graphs and tables will be presented to describe how the sales for Tata have increased and how it is look at its future in United Kingdom. This will also help me to understand that how the change in the ownership has brought change in the brand name. Possible outcomes The dissertation I am planning to make will provide the future of Tata motors in U.K. and also help in evaluating the Indian automobile industry. Tata is undoubted the biggest brand form India. This dissertation will help to analysis the mistakes made by Indian brand aboard and what all things are needed to improve the brand name. This kind of study will involve lot of study and analysis of the sales and structure of jaguar and land rover after and before Tata’s intervention. The outcomes of this dissertation will allow a clear view of FDI in U.K. for automobile industry and allow us to understand how this industry is evolve with lot of hard challenges like global warming, green house effect and also gas price hike. Jaguar in particular has faced lots of problems in particular for the recent credit crunch. Schedule Step1. This step will involve lot of reading of relevant books, and also collect economic policy, political information and law and regulations. This will also involve India’s economic progress after 1991 and read lots of journals, reports, T- tests, and data analysis done by experts. I will also try to understand co-relations and quantities techniques which will be use later on for processing of data. Step 2. This step will involve collection of data like structure and sales of particular year by means of interview as primary source and also collected data from secondary source. Later on I will plan and design a research model for data processing. Step 3. The last and final stage will involve methods like data processing which I have collected from the first two stages. My dissertation does not involve any hypothesis it just involves collection of structure, stage and market sales. Bibliography Research Methods for Business students/mark N.K Saunders, Philip Lewis, Adrian Thorhill. (page no. 109-117) Business research: a pratical guide for undergraduate and postgraduate students/ Jill Collis.(page no. 216-230) Globalization or regionalization of the American and Asian car industry? Michel Freyssenet, Koichi S.( chapter no. 2,3 and 6.) Carriers or regionalism? Edited by Yannik Lung Jorge Carillo and Robert yan Tulder..( chapter no3, 4 and 5) The future of automobile (the report by MIT’s international automobile program) by Alan Alshuler, Martin Anderson, Daniel Jones, Danniel roos, James Womack The European Automobile Industry by Andrew M Mclaughlin and Willlam A Malony (page 276-196) CAR by Mary Walton (chapter 11) The jaguar and land rover case studies http://www.supplychaingroups.co.uk/case-studies visited date 27-07-2009. The automobile industry in UK and the staticall data for sale and structure http://www.autoindustry.co.uk/statistics?s=1l3bshemdb3edau0 visited date 27-07-2009.

The Scopes Monkey Trial Research Paper

The Scopes Trial Today evolution is taught in public schools in America, but it has not always been that way. The legal battle that led to the teaching of evolution in public schools has been a very long one. Creationism was taught in public schools until the late 19th century. Following Darwin’s theories being introduced in 1859 many began to accept evolution during the 1860’s. This would continue in America until a flamboyant, Christian, lawyer named William Jennings Bryan campaigned against the teaching of evolution.Bryan found supporters very easily because of a grassroots movement in America following World War I; which was a vast change in society that led people towards a simpler and more religious lifestyle. This movement led several states to create laws banning the teaching of evolution in public schools. Bryan and his movement was of course opposed by many which led to the legal battles that have taken America from a non-evolution teaching society to the evol ution teaching society it is today. In this paper I will discuss the first major court case that brought significant national attention to these laws.The first major court case that brought significant attention to the laws banning the teaching of evolution in public schools is â€Å"The Scopes Trial† or â€Å"The Monkey Trial† in Dayton, TN in 1925. This trial was the State of Tennessee vs John Thomas Scopes, who was a high school football coach that was also a substitute. Although this case would turn out to be more about Scopes breaking a law than the teaching of evolution in public schools; it was significant in bringing national attention to the laws.After the state of Tennessee passed the Butler Act, which banned the teaching of anything that contradicted the idea of creationism from the Bible, there was a group of businessmen from Dayton, TN who felt they could bring business and attention to their small town thanks to the new law. They devised a plan to find a local teacher willing to oppose the law by teaching evolution in the classroom. They were able to find such a teacher in John Thomas Scopes; Scopes was the perfect candidate. He was young (25), new to teaching (first year), new to town, and was well liked by the towns people.It took little convincing to get Scopes to oppose the law and he did so while substituting a high school biology class. When knowledge of Scopes teaching evolution was made public he was arrested and taken to trial. The trial quickly grew in fame when two of America’s most prominent lawyers took the case. William Jennings Bryan volunteered to serve as the prosecutor for the State of Tennessee which led to Clarence Darrow becoming the Defending lawyer in the case. Darrow was a famous Agnostic, defense, lawyer who wanted to prove Bryan wrong more so than to prove Scope’s innocence.With the new â€Å"celebrity† lawyers on board for the trial; the case quickly gained fame. The business men of Da yton, Tennessee were quickly pleased to see their plan had worked. There were vendors, tourist, and media flocking to Dayton for the trial. The vendors were selling hot dogs, and water outside of the courthouse. The many curious people who came to Dayton to witness the trial caused the town to be flooded with people. All of the hotels were so full it led to many members of the media staying in a warehouse and sleeping on the floor.For the first time there was a national radio broadcast from the courtroom of the trial and the trial was recorded on film. There were so many people in the courtroom that the weight caused the support beams to buckle in the courthouse. The buckling of the beams lead to the trial being held outside one day; then returning inside with a limited amount of people able to attend. During the jury selection Darrow quickly realized he was at odds. It was hard to find an unbiased jury in Dayton Tennessee because the vast majority of residents were Christians and w as neducated on what evolution is. They saw evolution as a direct threat to their religion rather than a scientific theory. The jury ended up being made up of farmers who were mostly illiterate with the majority being church goers; six were Baptist, four Methodist, one Church of Christ, and one was a non-church goer. Since Darrow knew he could not prove that Scopes was innocent of breaking the law. He would rather try to prove that the law itself was unconstitutional; and decided to make his case based on science versus ignorance.He had planned on calling in several scientific scholars as witnesses to argue the topic of evolution over creationism but the judge deemed this unreasonable. The judge did not allow the witnesses and said that the case was about the law and not evolution. This was the case for Darrow but not for Bryan. Bryan argued that creationism was true and spent most of his time in court preaching from the Bible. Bryan even preached to the public on the courthouse ste ps and in the local Methodist church while he was in Dayton.This tactic won over the local people and even the defendant. Scopes was quoted saying â€Å" Bryan was a powerful speaker†. With Bryan’s tactics being allowed by the judge and going over well with the jury and local people Darrow saw only one way to â€Å"win†. Instead of trying to keep Scopes from being convicted he would make his case into a personal vendetta against Bryan’s beliefs. When Darrow presented his defense he called one witness; Bryan. This was a shock to everyone in the court as well as around the country.The judge allowed it as long as Bryan was okay with it. Bryan agreed so he took the stand to be questioned by Darrow. Darrow made the most of his opportunity and questioned the faith that Bryan held so dear. He began by asking him about stories from the Bible and how old the Earth was. He then delved deeper into the creation theory; asking if Bryan knew how long it took God to cre ate the Earth, if the days that were spoke of in Genesis were man’s days or God’s days, and if they differed. Of course; Bryan could not answer truthfully, only guess.This led to Bryan acknowledging that the periods of creation in Genesis could have possible been millions of years rather than days. This gave ground to the theory of evolution to be included in the creationist’s idea of the beginning. The day after Darrow questioned Bryan the judge ordered the testimony to be absolved from the case. He said that it had no bearings on the case. Scopes was found guilty and fined $100. Even though Darrow was unable to prove Scopes innocence he was able to show a chink in the armor of the creationist claims against evolution and make a bigger name for himself.Bryan died five days after the trial in Dayton Tennessee while taking a nap after lunch. Darrow appealed the case to the State Supreme Court in an attempt to get the law deemed unconstitutional. The Supreme Court found that Scopes should not have been fined but did not retry him. It was not until 1965 when the American Civil Liberties Union made a case against the state of Arkansas that the Supreme Court ruled that laws against the teaching of evolution were unconstitutional. Works CitedCrewe, Sabrina and Michael V. Uschan. The Scopes â€Å"Monkey† Trial. Milwaukee: Gareth Stevens Publishing, 2005. Print. Groce, Eric, Tina L. Heafner and Katherine A. O'Connor. â€Å"Monkey Business: Teaching the Scopes Evolution Trial. † Social Studies Research ;amp; Practice (2011): 107-128. Print. Lovorn, Michael G. â€Å"Monkey Town: The Summer of the Scopes Trial. † Social Studies Research ;amp; Practice (2009): 99-106. Print. Singham, Mano. God vs. Darwin. Plymouth: Roman and Littlefield Education, 2009. Book.

Development of the United Kingdom Essay

Officially known as the Republic of Ghana, it was Europe’s first trading partner in sub-Saharan Africa – initially trading in gold and then later as a primary supplier of slaves. Although it was subsequently colonized by the British, it later became the first country in Africa to obtain independence from its colonizer (BBC News). Ghana came into existence in 1957 when what was then known as the Gold Coast acquired its independence from the British. Situated along the Gulf of Guinea in West Africa (see U. S. State Department map reproduced below), the country occupies an area of about 238,538 sq. km. composed of plains, rainforest, and some scrubland (U. S. State Department). Its capital city is Accra (population: 3 million) and the other principal cities are Kumasi, with an estimated population of 1 million, Tema (500,000), and Sekondi-Takoradi (population: 370,000). English has been designated official language of the Ghanaians but several dialects are spoken like Akan, which is spoken by about 49% of the population, Mole-Dagbani (16%), Ewe (13%), Ga-Adangbe (8%), and Guan, the dialect of 4% of the population. Sixty-nine percent of its estimated population of 23 million are Christians while 15. 6% are Muslims. Indigenous religious beliefs are being practiced by 8. 5% of Ghanaians. Although it existed as a democratic republic since its independence in 1957, the constitution of Ghana took effect only on January 7, 1993 (U. S. State Department). The cultural practices of Ghanaians which are mainly related to â€Å"conception, childbirth, and childrearing† consist of some harmful customs and traditions. One of these is â€Å"female genital mutilation (FGM). † This is a procedure which is conducted to partially or totally remove the external genitalia of a girl to turn her into a real woman. Another is a belief in dietary taboos which often leads to anemia or nutritional deficiency on the part of pregnant women. In Ghana, when a marriage does not produce an offspring after two years, it is considered defective. After a woman gives birth, the Ghanaians believe that burying the placenta near the house of the family would prevent the child from growing up into an errant or rebellious individual. In addition, they would wait for eight days after birth before naming the child and treating the umbilical cord with herbal preparations (Nyinah). Ghana is rich in natural resources with gold and cocoa being two of its major dollar earners. Its other export products are timber, diamonds, aluminum, tuna, manganese ore, and bauxite. In spite of this, the country still relies heavily on the assistance of international financial and technical institutions to remain viable. Thirty-five percent of its gross domestic product comes from the agricultural sector which also accounts for 55% of total employment in the country, mostly in the form of small landowners. Aside from seeking debt relief in 2002 under the Heavily Indebted Poor Country (HIPC) program, Ghana was also one of the beneficiaries of the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative which came into force in 2006 (CIA World Factbook). As of 2006, total exports reached an estimated $3. 9 billion while imports totaled $6. 8 billion. Identified trade partners were the United States, the United Kingdom, China, Germany, France, Spain, Nigeria, the Netherlands, and Togo (U. S. State Department). Statistics gleaned by Global Health Reporting. org from the CIA World Factbook and a report published by UNAIDS in May 2006 about the global epidemic on AIDS showed that as at end of 2005, an estimated 29,000 had already died from AIDS in Ghana, leaving behind them about 170,000 children below 17 years old who had lost one or both parents to the disease. The same sources also revealed that by the end of 2005, there were 320,000 Ghanaians who were living with HIV/AIDS, 25,000 of whom were children below 14 years old. Aside from AIDS, another major health concern of the country is malaria. With about three million new cases being reported every year, malaria accounts for approximately 61% of total hospital admissions in the country among children below five years old (Global Health Reporting. org). In its fight against AIDS, malaria, and other diseases which have been plaguing Ghanaians, the country has received varying degrees of support from international organizations such as the World Health Organization, Global Fund To Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, the World Bank, the Department for International Development of the United Kingdom, and the United Nations Children’s Fund (Accra Daily Mail, 3/17 as cited in Global Health Reporting. org). On March 17, 2008, a campaign named â€Å"Voices for Malaria-Free Future† was launched in the country to educate the people about the techniques and the key concepts and practices used in fighting malaria. Rosemary Ardayfio, who represented the media in the launching ceremony, announced the formation of the Media Malaria Network composed of journalists from the print and online organizations. Ardayfio explained that aside from recognizing the role of the different media organizations in malaria advocacy, the network specifically aims â€Å"to disseminate information about the use of insecticide-treated nets and appropriate medication† (Global Health Reporting. org). Ghana was among the 177 countries that ratified the Kyoto Protocol which aims to require industrialized countries to reduce their emissions of greenhouse gases to prevent global warming (UNFCCC). In addition, Ghana was also a party to other international agreements governing hazardous wastes, biodiversity, endangered species, law of the sea, ship pollution, environmental modification, ozone layer protection, wetlands, and tropical timber (CIA World Factbook). The Republic of Ghana faces a bright future. It is endowed with plenty of natural resources. Its leadership has commitment itself to free and compulsory basic education. In fact, its â€Å"free, compulsory, universal basic education (FCUBE)† which was launched in 1996 has been labeled the â€Å"most ambitious pre-tertiary education programs in West Africa† (U. S. State Department). It has also been described as a â€Å"well-administered country by regional standards† and considered a model for economic and political reforms in the region. And, most of all, a major oil reserve was discovered in 2007 (BBC News). For these reasons alone, the country and its people have no reason to remain impoverished. Works Cited BBC News. â€Å"Country profile: Ghana. † International version. 6 February 2008. 22 March 2008. CIA World Factbook. â€Å"Ghana. † 6 March 2008. 22 March 2008. https://www. cia. gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gh. html Global Health Reporting. org. â€Å"Ghana. † 22 March 2008. http://globalhealthreporting. org/countries/ghana. asp? collID=11&id=144&malID=187 &tbID=188&hivIC=189&malIC=190&tbIC=191&map=192&con=Ghana&p=1 Nyinah, S. â€Å"Cultural practices in Ghana. † World Health. March-April 1997. 22 March 2008. UNFCCC. â€Å"Kyoto Protocol. † 22 March 2008. U. S. State Department. â€Å"Background note: Ghana. † January 2008. 22 March 2008.

Comparing Aquinas And Descartes Arguments For The...

Aquinas and Descartes both have arguments for the existence of God, with some similarities and a multitude of differences. Descartes presents two major premises in his argument with his degrees of reality principle and his casual adequacy principle. It is possible for Descartes to be influenced by Aquinas, but the arguments for the same thing differ greatly that even if any inspiration Descartes could have pulled from Aquinas work is minimal, to say the least. Comparing Aquinas and Descartes they both in a way have arguments for cause in proving the existence of God. Aquinas in that nor indeed it is possible, that anything is the efficient cause of itself (The Second Way, 2) and there needs to be a first cause that is the cause of all†¦show more content†¦To Aquinas things either exist or they do not, to Descartes things can be on levels of existence. One of Descartes main reasons for the existence of God is that, God put the idea of himself in Descartes head Hence there remains only the idea of God, concerning which we much consider whether it is something which cannot have proceeded from me myself, (Third Meditation, pg 16). Aquinas Five Ways are trying to prove the existence of God to others, while Descartes is trying to prove the existence of God to himself. The major premises in Descartes Third Meditation are his degrees of reality principle and his causal adequacy principle. Descartes degrees of reality come from his ideas of more or less real, things can fall under properties being less real, like colors, to finite substances, to infinite substances being the most real, like God But I understand God to be actually infinite, so that he can add nothing to His supreme perfection (Third Meditation, pg 17). Something like a table can be a finite substance but the color of the table, its brownness, is something considered to be less real to Descartes, a less real property. Descartes casual adequacy principle which goes like Now it is manifest by the natural light that there must be as much reality in the efficient and total cause as in its effect, (Third Meditation, pg 15) meaning that something is not created from nothing, like the stone. The casual adequacy principle canShow MoreRelatedThis essay will be examining the key arguments for th e existence of God, in order to discuss the3100 Words   |  13 Pageskey arguments for the existence of God, in order to discuss the claim that â€Å"it is wrong to believe in anything without sufficient evidence†- with reference to the non-existence of God. It will be exploring both a priori and an a posteriori argument for the existence of God. It will solely be concentrating on the Theological argument, Cosmological argument and the Ontological argument, in order, to analyse their significance and contribution in vindicating the claim for the existence of God. TheRead MoreThe Logical Problem Of Evil1535 Words   |  7 Pagesthe inconsistent triad, this being that the following propositions; God is omnipotent, omnibenevolent and evil exists, are inconsistent. Also known as a reduction ad absurdum argument, whereby all three propositions cannot be true together. Theists, like Swinburne, come to the conclusion that the three propositions are compatible with one another, w hereas atheists, like Mackie, believe that they are incompatible and therefore God does not exist. I shall be arguing in line with Swinburne’s view, describingRead MoreDo God Exist ?1960 Words   |  8 Pagescuriosity, arguments for the existence of God have been made over the years. Basically, these arguments are divided into two large groups i.e. logical and metaphysical. Actually, these arguments seek to prove that the existence of a being or having faith with at least one attribute that only God could have is logically necessary.    2. Believing and having faith in God will only resort to one thing—goodness.    3. Faith has something to do with one’s conception about God.    4. The existence of GodRead MoreChristian Ethics in a Postmodern World Essay example6531 Words   |  27 PagesDerrida and other recent French thinkers . . .. It can be called deconstructive or eliminative postmodernism. It overcomes the modern worldview through an antiworldview: it deconstructs or eliminates the ingredients necessary for a worldview, such as God, self, purpose, meaning, a real world, and truth as correspondence. While motivated in some cases by the ethical concern to forestall totalitarian systems, this type of postmodern thought issues in relativism, even nihilism. It would be called ultramodernism